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Exam 8: Learning and Decision Making

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Question 41

Multiple Choice

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To be a rational decision maker, one should do all of these except:

A) boil the problem down to something that is easily understood.
B) evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously.
C) use accurate information to evaluate alternatives.
D) pick the alternative that maximizes value.
E) develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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Question 42

Multiple Choice

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Lucy just moved to New York on a job assignment. Lucy got herself a map of the city and various other guides on restaurants, fitness centers, libraries, and theaters. Lucy learns about New York by studying these materials. Lucy acquires _____ knowledge by learning this way.

A) consensus-based
B) tacit
C) explicit
D) intuition-based
E) inherent

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Question 43

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What are the four contingencies of reinforcement? Explain each and provide an example.

Explicit knowledge _____.

Decision making reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge and skills that result from experience.

Define the term heuristic. Name and explain at least two of the most common heuristics.

In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

Which of the following is the simplest schedule of reinforcement?

The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors.

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior, they are engaging in cognitive modeling.

With a _____ schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors?

A salaried paycheck is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule, whereas piece-rate pay is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

James is the new manager of operations at Springfield Motors. To his dismay, he finds the employees coming in late to work, taking long breaks, and behaving unprofessionally at their workstations. James decides to promote desirable work practices. He plans to introduce incentives for meeting the required targets but, at the same time, to withhold those incentives when employees' are late, take long breaks, or behave unprofessionally. Identify the contingencies that James is planning to implement.

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to:

Compare and contrast the five schedules of reinforcement. Provide an example of each.

The last step of behavior modeling is:

Performance-oriented individuals enjoy working on new kinds of tasks, even if they fail during their early experiences.

Variable interval scheduling is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.